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Prepare the Grape Leaves
Drain grape leaves and rinse well under cold water to remove excess brine.
Place in a deep bowl and cover with hot (not boiling) water. Let soak for 10–15 minutes to remove remaining salt.
Drain, transfer to a plate, and let cool completely before rolling.
Make the Filling
Heat ½ cup olive oil in a skillet over medium heat.
Add onions and sauté until soft and translucent (about 5 minutes).
Add red pepper and sauté 2–3 minutes more.
Stir in garlic (if using) and tomato sauce; cook for 1 minute.
Add rice, sumac, cumin, black pepper, red crushed pepper, and salt.
Mix well, then remove from heat. Let filling cool completely before rolling.
Roll the Grape Leaves
Place a grape leaf shiny side down and remove the stem.
Add about 1 tablespoon filling near the stem end.
Fold sides inward and roll gently but snug (not tight — rice expands).
Repeat with remaining leaves and filling. Makes about 50–60 rolls (depending on leaf size and filling amount).
Cook
Arrange rolls seam-side down in a wide pot.
Drizzle ½ cup olive oil over the top and pour in 1½ cups water.
Place a flat heatproof plate upside-down over the rolls (this prevents opening or shifting).
Cover and simmer on low for 35 minutes.